The answer to this question depends on the type of satellite network. Satellite phones of geostationary networks (which include Inmarsat and Thuraya networks) generally work if the airplane window is currently "facing" south (for the northern hemisphere). Satellite phones of low-orbital networks (Globalstar, Iridium) work on a plane only with a certain probability if direct visibility of the satellite is provided from the airplane window at that moment.
Our specialists strongly do not recommend using satellite phones on airplanes. A satellite phone is a relatively powerful high-frequency radio transmitting device and, therefore, can create interference with the aircraft's electronic equipment. Most airlines prohibit the use of satellite phones on planes. However, there are special aviation models of satellite phones that are installed stationary on aircraft with strict requirements for flight safety and electromagnetic compatibility.
The answer to this question will help you better understand the fundamental limitations that satellite phone owners may face.